India’s 500 MWe Prototype Fast Breeder Reactor to Begin Operation by 2025

India’s ambitious strides in nuclear technology are set to reach a new milestone as the Prototype Fast Breeder Reactor (PFBR), a 500 MWe sodium-cooled reactor under development at Kalpakkam, Tamil Nadu, is expected to become operational by the end of 2025. This announcement, made by the Minister of State in the Prime Minister’s Office (PMO), Dr. Jitendra Singh, highlights a significant leap in India’s energy strategy.

The PFBR, developed by Bharatiya Nabhikiya Vidyut Nigam Limited (BHAVINI), represents a cutting-edge advance in the nation’s nuclear power program. Unlike conventional nuclear reactors, the PFBR utilizes fast neutrons to generate energy and employs liquid sodium as a coolant instead of water. This innovative approach allows it to breed more fuel than it consumes, effectively making it a sustainable solution for India’s growing energy needs.

A Closer Look at the PFBR

The PFBR is designed to harness plutonium and uranium-based mixed oxide fuel (MOX) to achieve high efficiency in power generation. Its advanced sodium cooling system enables operation at higher temperatures compared to water-cooled reactors, enhancing overall efficiency. Additionally, the reactor is equipped with advanced safety features, including a robust containment structure and passive cooling systems to prevent overheating.

India’s Journey in Nuclear Power

India has been steadily building its expertise in nuclear energy, evolving from early Pressurized Heavy Water Reactor (PHWR) technology to more advanced designs. PHWRs, which have grown in unit size from 220 MW to 700 MW, now form the backbone of India’s nuclear fleet. This progress has been supported by domestic industries, which have developed the capability to produce high-precision components and equipment for nuclear reactors.

Significant recent achievements include the completion of Kakrapar Atomic Power Station Units 3 and 4 (700 MW each), which added 1,400 MW of capacity in 2023-24. Additionally, Rajasthan Atomic Power Project Unit-7 (700 MW) reached criticality in September 2024, further contributing to India’s nuclear output.

Scaling Up Nuclear Capacity

India’s current installed nuclear capacity stands at 8,180 MW, but plans are underway to increase this to 14,080 MW by 2029-30. This 70% increase will be achieved through the commissioning of multiple projects, including:

• Rajasthan Atomic Power Project Units 7 & 8 (700 MW each)
• Kudankulam Nuclear Power Plant Units 3 to 6 (4×1,000 MW)
• The PFBR (500 MW)

This expansion underscores India’s commitment to clean energy. Nuclear power, with its low lifecycle greenhouse gas emissions, serves as a reliable 24×7 base load source of electricity, complementing renewable sources like wind and solar.

A Step Towards Net Zero

The PFBR and other nuclear projects play a crucial role in India’s broader energy transition strategy aimed at achieving the Net Zero emissions target by 2070. By leveraging both nuclear and renewable technologies, India can meet its growing energy demands while minimizing its carbon footprint.

The successful commissioning of the PFBR will not only bolster India’s energy security but also solidify its position as a global leader in advanced nuclear technologies. With this achievement, India takes another significant step toward a sustainable and energy-efficient future.